root@thehacksparrow:~/writeups$ SYSTEM ONLINE
root@sparrow:~/writeups$ cat vulnerability-pattern-graphql.md
// bug-bounty

GraphQL Misconfiguration

23 Jul 2026 · 2 min read

What it is

A GraphQL endpoint exposing more than it should — introspection left enabled in production, revealing the entire schema, or mutations that skip authorization checks their REST equivalents would enforce.

Why it matters

One query can enumerate the entire internal data model — types, fields, relationships — turning what would take days of REST endpoint discovery into a single request.

Where to look

  • Common paths:
    /graphql
    ,
    /api/graphql
    ,
    /gql
    ,
    /v1/graphql

How I test it

  1. Find the GraphQL endpoint.
  2. Send a simple query to confirm it responds.
  3. Check introspection:
    { __schema { types { name } } }
    — if this returns data, the whole schema is enumerable.
  4. Enumerate types and mutations from the schema, looking for anything sensitive by name (user, admin, billing, internal).
  5. Test with two accounts: does a query let account B read account A's data by ID (GraphQL IDOR)? Does a mutation let a normal account perform an action it shouldn't?

Hunting checklist

  • Found the GraphQL endpoint
  • Tested introspection
  • Enumerated the schema for sensitive types/fields
  • Tested IDOR-style access through queries with two accounts
  • Tested unauthorized mutations with a normal account

Evidence to collect

  • The introspection query and its full response
  • A query/mutation proving unauthorized read or write access
  • Explanation of which internal structures/data were exposed

Recommended fix

  • Disable introspection in production
  • Apply the same authorization checks to GraphQL resolvers that REST endpoints would enforce — per field, not just per endpoint
  • Rate-limit and depth-limit queries to prevent enumeration and abuse